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Alcohol is a toxic, psychoactive, and dependence-producing substance and has been classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer decades ago – this is the highest risk group, which also includes asbestos, radiation and tobacco. But as you continue to drink, you become drowsy and have less control over your actions. In some people, the initial reaction may feel like an increase in energy. This may result in craving alcohol to try to restore good feelings or reduce negative ones.
The WHO European Region has the highest levels of alcohol consumption and the highest burden of alcohol-related harm in the world. This manual is written to help primary health care workers – physicians, nurses, community health workers, and others – to deal with persons whose alcohol… “So, when we talk about possible so-called safer levels of alcohol consumption or about its protective effects, we are ignoring the bigger picture of alcohol harm in our Region and the world. Alcohol causes at least seven types of cancer, including the most common cancer types, such as bowel cancer and female breast cancer.
Binge drinking is behavior that raises blood alcohol levels to 0.08%. The definition of heavy drinking is based on a person’s sex. In the past, moderate drinking was thought to be linked with a lower risk of dying from heart disease and possibly diabetes. And drinking raises the risk of problems in the digestive system.
In some situations, the risk of drinking any amount of alcohol is high. For men, heavy drinking means more than four drinks on any day or more than 14 drinks a week. For women, more than three drinks on any day or more than seven drinks a week is heavy drinking. Heavy drinking, including binge drinking, is a high-risk activity.
It means on days when a person does drink, women do not have more than one drink and men do not have more than two drinks. Moderate alcohol use may not Alcohol and Brain Overview mean the same thing in research studies or among health agencies. Here’s a closer look at alcohol and health. While the risk is low for moderate intake, the risk goes up as the amount you drink goes up. Global strategy to reduce the harmful use of alcohol
More on alcohol
In 2019, the worldwide total consumption was equal to 5.5 litres of pure alcohol per person 15 years and older. There are 230 different types of diseases where alcohol has a significant role. Explore a world of health data The SAFER initiative, launched globally in 2018, supports the implementation of high-impact strategies across the European Region. The WHO European Region has been proactive in addressing the harm caused by alcohol through several key initiatives and frameworks. A relatively high proportion of alcohol harm occurs early in the life course.
The harmful use of alcohol results in the death of 2.6 million people annually. Around 1 in every 3 deaths in men and 1 in every 5 deaths in women between 30 and 40 years of age were due to alcohol. The negative effects of alcohol consumption disproportionately affect younger and vulnerable populations, and contribute significantly to the burden of noncommunicable diseases in the Region. Every day, around 2191 people die from alcohol-related causes in the Region.
Landmark public health decisions by WHO on essential medicines for alcohol use disorders Although it is well established that alcohol can cause cancer, this fact is still not widely known to the public in most countries. Disadvantaged and vulnerable populations have higher rates of alcohol-related death and hospitalization, as harms from a given amount and pattern of drinking are higher for poorer drinkers and their families than for richer drinkers in any given society. Globally, the WHO European Region has the highest alcohol consumption level and the highest proportion of drinkers in the population. In the EU, cancer is the leading cause of death – with a steadily increasing incidence rate – and the majority of all alcohol-attributable deaths are due to different types of cancers. However, latest available data indicate that half of all alcohol-attributable cancers in the WHO European Region are caused by “light” and “moderate” alcohol consumption – less than 1.5 litres of wine or less than 3.5 litres of beer or less than 450 millilitres of spirits per week.
This initiative includes policies that reduce the affordability, availability, and acceptability of alcohol, particularly in the heaviest-drinking countries, mitigating the effects of alcohol consumption on public health. The Global alcohol action plan 2022–2030, endorsed by WHO Member States, aims to reduce the harmful use of alcohol through effective, evidence-based strategies at national, regional and global levels. This emphasizes the importance of protecting policy-making processes from industry interference that aims to delay or weaken public health measures that would reduce alcohol consumption.
The EU is the heaviest-drinking area globally, with 7 of the 10 countries with the highest per-capita alcohol consumption located within the EU. Despite progress in reducing alcohol consumption and related harms, the Region continues to face significant challenges, including high rates of alcohol-related deaths, particularly from cancer. The adverse consequences of alcohol consumption include the negative consequences of drinking on individuals other than the drinkers themselves, including… This drinking pattern is responsible for the majority of alcohol-attributable breast cancers in women, with the highest burden observed in countries of the European Union (EU). This regional workshop was planned to address the challenges of illicit tobacco trade and unrecorded alcohol consumption in the countries of the Region….
This is particularly true for those in social environments with high visibility and societal influence, nationally and internationally, where alcohol frequently accompanies socializing. In many of today’s societies, alcoholic beverages are a routine part of the social landscape for many in the population. Alcohol is a toxic and psychoactive substance with dependence producing properties.
You’ll soon start receiving the latest Mayo Clinic health information you requested in your inbox. If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, we will only use your protected health information as outlined in our Notice of Privacy Practices. Sign up for free and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips, current health topics, and expertise on managing health. Be sure to ask your healthcare professional about what’s right for your health and safety. When taking care of children, avoid alcohol.
Drinking moderately if you’re otherwise healthy may be a risk you’re willing to take. During pregnancy, drinking may cause the unborn baby to have brain damage and other problems. Heavy drinking also has been linked to intentional injuries, such as suicide, as well as accidental injury and death.
The 2010 WHO Global strategy to reduce the harmful use of alcohol and the 2022 WHO Global action plan are the most comprehensive international alcohol policy documents, endorsed by WHO Member States, that provides guidance on reducing the harmful use of alcohol at all levels. WHO works with Member States and partners to prevent and reduce the harmful use of alcohol as a public health priority. The risks increase largely in a dose-dependent manner with the volume of alcohol consumed and with frequency of drinking, and exponentially with the amount consumed on a single occasion. Both the volume of lifetime alcohol use and a combination of context, frequency of alcohol consumption and amount consumed per occasion increase the risk of the wide range of health and social harms. Alcohol consumption contributes to 2.6 million deaths each year globally as well as to the disabilities and poor health of millions of people.
Many people with alcohol use disorder hesitate to get treatment because they don’t recognize that they have a problem. Consider talking with someone who has had a problem with drinking but has stopped. Listen to relatives, friends or co-workers when they ask you to examine your drinking habits or to seek help. You might not recognize how much you drink or how many problems in your life are related to alcohol use. Because denial is common, you may feel like you don’t have a problem with drinking. This disorder also involves having to drink more to get the same effect or having withdrawal symptoms when you rapidly decrease or stop drinking.
If you’re concerned about someone who drinks too much, ask a professional experienced in alcohol treatment for advice on how to approach that person. If your pattern of drinking results in repeated significant distress and problems functioning in your daily life, you likely have alcohol use disorder. It also includes binge drinking — a pattern of drinking where a male has five or more drinks within two hours or a female has at least four drinks within two hours. Unhealthy alcohol use includes any alcohol use that puts your health or safety at risk or causes other alcohol-related problems.
When it comes to alcohol, if you don’t drink, don’t start for health reasons. In the United States, people younger than age 21 are not legally able to drink alcohol. Heavy drinking also may result in alcohol withdrawal symptoms.
In this context, it is easy to overlook or discount the health and social damage caused or contributed to by drinking. When it comes to alcohol, if you don’t drink, don’t start for health reasons. In the United States, people younger than age 21 are not legally able to drink alcohol. Heavy drinking also may result in alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Binge drinking is behavior that raises blood alcohol levels to 0.08%.
A relatively high proportion of alcohol harm occurs early in the life course. This comprehensive report details the full extent of the way that alcohol is being marketed across national borders – often by digital means –… WHO highlights glaring gaps in regulation of alcohol marketing across borders Strengthening alcohol control and road safety policies
The 2010 WHO Global strategy to reduce the harmful use of alcohol and the 2022 WHO Global action plan are the most comprehensive international alcohol policy documents, endorsed by WHO Member States, that provides guidance on reducing the harmful use of alcohol at all levels. WHO works with Member States and partners to prevent and reduce the harmful use of alcohol as a public health priority. The risks increase largely in a dose-dependent manner with the volume of alcohol consumed and with frequency of drinking, and exponentially with the amount consumed on a single occasion. Both the volume of lifetime alcohol use and a combination of context, frequency of alcohol consumption and amount consumed per occasion increase the risk of the wide range of health and social harms.
The Global status report on alcohol and health and treatment of substance use disorders presents a comprehensive overview of alcohol consumption, alcohol-related… Here, over 200 million people in the Region are at risk of developing alcohol-attributable cancer. It doesn’t matter how much you drink – the risk to the drinker’s health starts from the first drop of any alcoholic beverage. Theories suggest that for certain people drinking has a different and stronger impact that can lead to alcohol use disorder. Binge drinking causes significant health and safety risks.
Alcohol consumption contributes to 2.6 million deaths each year globally as well as to the disabilities and poor health of millions of people. In some situations, the risk of drinking any amount of alcohol is high. For men, heavy drinking means more than four drinks on any day or more than 14 drinks a week. For women, more than three drinks on any day or more than seven drinks a week is heavy drinking.
This manual is written to help primary health care workers – physicians, nurses, community health workers, and others – to deal with persons whose alcohol… “So, when we talk about possible so-called safer levels of alcohol consumption or about its protective effects, we are ignoring the bigger picture of alcohol harm in our Region and the world. Alcohol causes at least seven types of cancer, including the most common cancer types, such as bowel cancer and female breast cancer.
But heavy drinking carries a much higher risk even for those without other health concerns. But good evidence shows that drinking high amounts of alcohol are clearly linked to health problems. To combat this, WHO advocates for transparency in policy development, the exclusion of the alcohol industry from policy discussions, and the implementation of regulations to limit the industry’s influence on public health. A critical aspect of the Region’s approach is addressing the commercial determinants of health, particularly the influence of the alcohol industry on public health policy.
The adverse consequences of alcohol consumption include the negative consequences of drinking on individuals other than the drinkers themselves, including… This drinking pattern is responsible for the majority of alcohol-attributable breast cancers in women, with the highest burden observed in countries of the European Union (EU). This regional workshop was planned to address the challenges of illicit tobacco trade and unrecorded alcohol consumption in the countries of the Region….
Although it is well established that alcohol can cause cancer, this fact is still not widely known to the public in most countries. Disadvantaged and vulnerable populations have higher rates of alcohol-related death and hospitalization, as harms from a given amount and pattern of drinking are higher for poorer drinkers and their families than for richer drinkers in any given society. Globally, the WHO European Region has the highest alcohol consumption level and the highest proportion of drinkers in the population.
Sign up for free and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips, current health topics, and expertise on managing health. Be sure to ask your healthcare professional about what’s right for your health and safety. When taking care of children, avoid alcohol. Health agencies outside the U.S. may define one drink differently. Knowing your personal risk based on your habits can help you make the best decision for you.
In the EU, cancer is the leading cause of death – with a steadily increasing incidence rate – and the majority of all alcohol-attributable deaths are due to different types of cancers. However, latest available data indicate that half of all alcohol-attributable cancers in the WHO European Region are caused by “light” and “moderate” alcohol consumption – less than 1.5 litres of wine or less than 3.5 litres of beer or less than 450 millilitres of spirits per week. The risk of developing cancer increases substantially the more alcohol is consumed.
That usually means four or more drinks within two hours for women and five or more drinks within two hours for men. As consumption goes up, the risk goes up for these cancers. If you already drink at low levels and continue to drink, risks for these issues appear to be low.
In many of today’s societies, alcoholic beverages are a routine part of the social landscape for many in the population. Alcohol is a toxic and psychoactive substance with dependence producing properties. You’ll soon start receiving the latest Mayo Clinic health information you requested in your inbox. If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, we will only use your protected health information as outlined in our Notice of Privacy Practices.
It means on days when a person does drink, women do not have Alcohol and Lung Disease more than one drink and men do not have more than two drinks. Moderate alcohol use may not mean the same thing in research studies or among health agencies. Here’s a closer look at alcohol and health. While the risk is low for moderate intake, the risk goes up as the amount you drink goes up.
Many people with alcohol use disorder hesitate to get treatment because they don’t recognize that they have a problem. Consider talking with someone who has had a problem with drinking but has stopped. Listen to relatives, friends or co-workers when they ask you to examine your drinking habits or to seek help. You might not recognize how much you drink or how many problems in your life are related to alcohol use. Because denial is common, you may feel like you don’t have a problem with drinking. This disorder also involves having to drink more to get the same effect or having withdrawal symptoms when you rapidly decrease or stop drinking.
Global strategy to reduce the harmful use of alcohol In 2019, the worldwide total consumption was equal to 5.5 litres of pure alcohol per person 15 years and older. There are 230 different types of diseases where alcohol has a significant role. Explore a world of health data The SAFER initiative, launched globally in 2018, supports the implementation of high-impact strategies across the European Region. The WHO European Region has been proactive in addressing the harm caused by alcohol through several key initiatives and frameworks.
Despite this, the question of beneficial effects of alcohol has been a contentious issue in research for years. The only thing that we can say for sure is that the more you drink, the more harmful it is – or, in other words, the less you drink, the safer it is,” explains Dr Carina Ferreira-Borges, acting Unit Lead for Noncommunicable Disease Management and Regional Advisor for Alcohol and Illicit Drugs in the WHO Regional Office for Europe. “We cannot talk about a so-called safe level of alcohol use.
Early intervention can prevent alcohol-related problems in teens. Too much alcohol affects your speech, muscle coordination and vital centers of your brain. Alcohol use may begin in the teens, but alcohol use disorder occurs more frequently in the 20s and 30s, though it can start at any age.
This initiative includes policies that reduce the affordability, availability, and acceptability of alcohol, particularly in the heaviest-drinking countries, mitigating the effects of alcohol consumption on public health. The Global alcohol action plan 2022–2030, endorsed by WHO Member States, aims to reduce the harmful use of alcohol through effective, evidence-based strategies at national, regional and global levels. This emphasizes the importance of protecting policy-making processes from industry interference that aims to delay or weaken public health measures that would reduce alcohol consumption. The EU is the heaviest-drinking area globally, with 7 of the 10 countries Alcohol and Lung Disease with the highest per-capita alcohol consumption located within the EU. Despite progress in reducing alcohol consumption and related harms, the Region continues to face significant challenges, including high rates of alcohol-related deaths, particularly from cancer.
The European framework for action on alcohol, 2022–2025, adopted by all 53 Member States, uses the latest evidence to address alcohol-related harms through comprehensive, evidence-based policies and collaborative efforts. Alcohol is a toxic, psychoactive substance linked to over 200 diseases and conditions, including 7 types of cancer. The technical package for the SAFER initiative focuses on five key alcohol policy interventions that are based on accumulated evidence of their impact… The global SAFER initiative is a partnership between WHO, UNIATF, UNDP and civil society organizations to advocate for and facilitate implementation of the most cost-effective interventions to reduce alcohol related harm. Landmark public health decisions by WHO on essential medicines for alcohol use disorders
Ethanol (alcohol) causes cancer through biological mechanisms as the compound breaks down in the body, which means that any beverage containing alcohol, regardless of its price and quality, poses a risk of developing cancer. A heavy drinking binge may even cause a life-threatening coma or death. Genetic, psychological, social and environmental factors can impact how drinking alcohol affects your body and behavior. If you’re concerned about someone who drinks too much, ask a professional experienced in alcohol treatment for advice on how to approach that person.
Heavy drinking, including binge drinking, is a high-risk activity. For example, any amount of drinking increases the risk of breast cancer and colorectal cancer. It also causes harm to the well-being and health of people around the drinker.
For example, it may be used to define the risk of illness or injury based on the number of drinks a person has in a week. In the United States, moderate drinking for healthy adults is different for men and women. The evidence for moderate alcohol use in healthy adults is still being studied. Many people drink alcohol as a personal preference, during social activities, or as a part of cultural and religious practices.
An intervention from loved ones can help some people recognize and accept that they need professional help. Other ways to get help include talking with a mental health professional or seeking help from a support group such as Alcoholics Anonymous or a similar type of self-help group. Alcohol use disorder can include periods of being drunk (alcohol intoxication) and symptoms of withdrawal. Tackling the harmful effects of alcohol locally in the city of Tarumã, Brazil The most cost-effective interventions are at the focus of WHO-led SAFER initiative aimed at providing support for Member States in reducing the harmful use of alcohol. In addition, enforcing drink driving countermeasures and securing access to screening, brief interventions, and treatment are effective and ethically sound interventions.
Alcohol as an intoxicant affects a wide range of structures and processes in the central nervous system and increases the risk for intentional and unintentional injuries and adverse social consequences. Disadvantaged and especially vulnerable populations have higher rates of alcohol-related death and hospitalization. This is particularly true for those in social environments with high visibility and societal influence, nationally and internationally, where alcohol frequently accompanies socializing.
The definition of heavy drinking is based on a person’s sex. In the past, moderate drinking was thought to be linked with a lower risk of dying from heart disease and possibly diabetes. And drinking raises the risk of problems in the digestive system.
Drinking alcohol is a health risk regardless of the amount. The harmful use of alcohol results in the death of 2.6 million people annually. Around 1 in every 3 deaths in men and 1 in every 5 deaths in women between 30 and 40 years of age were due to alcohol. The negative effects of alcohol consumption disproportionately affect younger and vulnerable populations, and contribute significantly to the burden of noncommunicable diseases in the Region. Every day, around 2191 people die from alcohol-related causes in the Region. The WHO European Region has the highest levels of alcohol consumption and the highest burden of alcohol-related harm in the world.
Although it is well established that alcohol can cause cancer, this fact is still not widely known to the public in most countries. Disadvantaged and vulnerable populations have higher rates of alcohol-related death and hospitalization, as harms from a given amount and pattern of drinking are higher for poorer drinkers and their families than for richer drinkers in any given society. Globally, the WHO European Region has the highest alcohol consumption level and the highest proportion of drinkers in the population.
The Global status report on alcohol and health and treatment of substance use disorders presents a comprehensive overview of alcohol consumption, alcohol-related… Here, over 200 million people in the Region are at risk of developing alcohol-attributable cancer. It doesn’t matter how much you drink – the risk to the drinker’s health starts from the first drop of any alcoholic beverage. Theories suggest that for certain people drinking has a different and stronger impact that can lead to alcohol use disorder. Binge drinking causes significant health and safety risks.
If your pattern of drinking results in repeated significant distress and problems functioning in your daily life, you likely have alcohol use disorder. It also includes binge drinking — a pattern of drinking where a male has five or more drinks within two hours or a female has at least four drinks within two hours. Unhealthy alcohol use includes any alcohol use that puts your health or safety at risk or causes other alcohol-related problems. Alcohol use disorder includes a level of drinking that’s sometimes called alcoholism. WHO has identified that the most cost-effective actions to reduce the harmful use of alcohol include increasing taxes on alcoholic beverages, enforcing restrictions on exposure to alcohol advertising, and restrictions on the physical availability of retailed alcohol. Surrogate and illegally produced alcohols can bring an extra health risk from toxic contaminants.
Alcohol is a toxic, psychoactive, and dependence-producing substance and has been classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer decades ago – this is the highest risk group, which also includes asbestos, radiation and tobacco. But as you continue to drink, you become drowsy and have less control over your actions. In some people, the initial reaction may feel like an increase in energy. This may result in craving alcohol to try to restore good feelings or reduce negative ones.
People who choose not to drink make that choice for the same reasons. More on alcohol
Over 3 million annual deaths due to alcohol and drug use, majority among men Alcohol as an immunosuppressant increases the risk of communicable diseases, including tuberculosis and HIV. Alcoholic beverages are classified as carcinogenic by the International Agency for Research on Cancer and increase the risk of several cancer types.
Alcohol is the leading risk factor for premature mortality and disability among those aged 20 to 39 years, accounting for 13% of all deaths in this age group. Harmful use of alcohol is accountable for 6,9 % and 2.0% of the global burden of disease for males and females respectively. Overall, harmful use of alcohol is responsible for 4.7% of the global burden of disease. Drinking moderately if you’re otherwise healthy may be a risk you’re willing to take. During pregnancy, drinking may cause the unborn baby to have brain damage and other problems. Heavy drinking also has been linked to intentional injuries, such as suicide, as well as accidental injury and death.
Для того чтобы объект отобразил нужный текст, сначала необходимо вычислить какимэтот текст должен быть. Для этого сначала в блоке 3-4 определяется взаимное положениеиндикаторных линий индикатора MACD на текущем и предыдущем барах, а затем в блоке4-5 вычисляется значение Sit, соответствующее текущей ситуации (см. также Рис. 107 и callstohastic.mq4) Рассмотрим пример эксперта, в котором полезно используются функции управления графическимиобъектами. Выделить и удалить невозможно, поэтомуони не являются графическими объектами. Графический объект – это изображение в окне финансового инструмента, которое можно выделить, переместить,изменить или удалить.
При первом вызове пользовательской функции значение переменной Count равно нулю.В результате выполнения оператора Count++ значение переменной Count будет увеличенона единицу. Исполнив этот оператор (единственный и последний) пользовательскаяфункция заканчивает свою работу и передаёт управление в то место, откуда она былавызвана. Запустив этот эксперт на выполнение, легко убедиться, что порядок исполнения специальных функций в программе не зависит от порядка следования в программе описаний специальных функций.
Вы можете создавать индикаторы, скрипты, библиотеки и включать файлы с помощью мастера. Полученный файл будет сохранен в соответствующем каталоге, в зависимости от его типа. Если статическая переменная должна быть доступна более чем одной функции, используйте вместо нее глобальную переменную. В этом случае вам не нужно объявлять переменную как статическую. Область видимости переменной определяет, для каких функций она доступна и как долго она остается в памяти.
Торговая стратегия в обычном эксперте реализуется на основе двух функций – функцииопределения торговых критериев и управляющей торговой функции. Нигде в других местахпрограммы не должно быть каких-либо указаний на торговую стратегию. Управляющаяторговая функция и функция определения критериев должны быть согласованы междусобой по значениям передаваемых параметров. Необходимо подчеркнуть, что пользовательские функции могут быть вызваны для работытолько из специальных функций ( или из других пользовательских, которые в конечномсчёте всё равно вызваны из специальных). В разделе Выполнение программы рассматривался порядок исполнения специальных функций init() и deinit(). В данномпримере исполнение этих функций будет происходить так же, поэтому здесь нет необходимостиостанавливаться на их работе.
Кроме того, добавились новые предопределенные функции-обработчики OnTimer(), OnChartEvent(), OnTester(). В старом MQL4 предопределенные функции могли иметь любые параметры и любой тип возврата, вызов этих функций осуществлялся не по сигнатуре, а по имени. В новом MQL4 все предопределенные функции должны точно соответствовать своим сигнатурам, то есть иметь четко определенный состав параметров и тип возврата.
Пока программа работает, глобальная переменная и ее значение остаются в памяти, и на них можно ссылаться. В этом примере библиотечный файл, из которого мы импортируем функцию, — это library.ex4. Мы импортируем одну функцию типа double, которая называется MyImportedFunction(). Идентификатор функции должен совпадать с именем функции в файле исходной библиотеки. Обратите внимание на точку с запятой в конце объявления функции. Давайте рассмотрим простую функцию для размещения ордера на покупку.
Обработка тиков и синхронизация истории также производится в интерфейсном потоке. Если пользовательский индикатор вызван при помощи функции iCustom(), то этот индикатор работает в потоке вызвавшей его программы. Библиотечные (импортируемые) функции также работают в потоке вызывающей программы. Если вы пишете торговых роботов, обратите внимание на новую функцию OrderSendAsync, предназначенную для проведения асинхронных торговых операций.
Иногда в программе используются переменные, для объяснения смысла которых приходится использовать комментарий в несколько строк. Такое случается редко, но при необходимости делать это нужно обязательно, иначе не только другой программист, но и автор программы не сможет в ней разобраться по прошествии некоторого срока. Текст программы располагается в окне редактирования, а окна инструментария и навигатора имеют вспомогательное значение.
Для того чтобы предоставить в распоряжение пользователя (и, что не менее важно,в распоряжение программы) информацию о событиях, связанных с исполнением торговогоприказа, необходимо выполнить обработку ошибок. Торговый терминал получил информацию о том, что последний торговый приказ исполнен,отразил это событие в окне терминала и в окне финансового инструмента и вернулуправление программе. Одновременно с торговым приказом функция передала клиентскому терминалу управлениеи, таким образом, исполнение программы приостановилось. Takeprofit – заявленная цена закрытия, определяющая предельный уровень прибыльности. Устанавливаетсяв соответствии с ограничениями, принятыми для проведения торговых операций (см.Характеристики ордеров, Требования и ограничения торговых операций).
В данном примере правая граница графического объекта должна всегда находиться нанулевом баре, поэтому значение второй координаты совпадает со временем открытиянулевого бара. Левая координата вычисляется в зависимости от заданного пользователемколичества баров (внешняя переменная Len_Cn) и определяется как время открытиябара с соответствующим индексом. Например, если длина канала составляет 50 баров,то левая координата объекта будет равна времени открытия бара с индексом 49.
Иногда функция, которую вам нужно использовать, уже скомпилирована в другом файле, таком как другой советник, файл библиотеки (.ex4) или файл Windows DLL (.dll). Вы можете импортировать функции непосредственно в проект, используя директивы #import. Файл stdlib.mqh в нашем примере на странице 19 является стандартным включаемым файлом, который поставляется с MetaTrader. Он включает в себя несколько разных функций, которые программисты могут найти полезными. Как и все включаемые файлы, он находится в папке \experts\include.
Если же состав параметров изменился, будут применены значения по умолчанию. При смене KIT Finance символа или таймфрейма графика, к которому эксперт прикреплен, выгрузка и загрузка эксперта не производится. При этом последовательно вызываются обработчики OnDeinit() на старом символе/таймфрейме и OnInit() на новом символе/таймфрейме (если они есть), значения глобальных переменных и статических переменных не сбрасываются. Все события, поступившие для эксперта до завершения инициализации (функции OnInit()), пропускаются. Каждый скрипт и каждый эксперт работает в собственном отдельном потоке.
Реализованнаяв эксперте торговая стратегия допускает наличие только одного рыночного ордера,поэтому порядок следования вызовов функций Tral_Stop(0) и Tral_Stop(1) не имеетзначения. При появлении в окне финансового инструмента новых баров объект типа OBJ_LABEL будетоставаться неподвижным относительно окна финансового инструмента. Использованиеэтого объекта удобно в том случае, если необходимо вывести на экран текстовую информациюобщего характера, например, о прекращении торгов, изменении брокером значения ограничивающейдистанции для ордеров и пр.
Это приведёт к тому, что какой-то ордер может бытьпропущен и не модифицирован в период последнего запуска специальной функции start().Ситуация может быть исправлена на следующем тике, при очередном запуске функцииstart(). В рассматриваемом примере функции Tral_Stop() реализован случайный порядок модификацииордеров – ордера модифицируются в той последовательности, в которой они встречаютсяв списке открытых рыночных и установленных отложенных ордеров. В каждом конкретномслучае функцию необходимо доработать – запрограммировать порядок модификации ордеровв соответствии с правилами конкретной стратегии. Для соблюдения указанного порядка закрытия ордеров в блоке 3-4 используется циклfor, в котором среди всех ордеров заданного типа выбирается один ордер, имеющийнаибольшее количество лотов. Поиск этого ордера выполняется на основе анализа значенийэлементов глобального массива Mas_Ord_New, содержащего информацию обо всех ордерах,присутствующих в торговле.
При этом факт обращения к функции iCustom() или к функциям технических индикаторов не приводит к отображению индикаторных линий в окне финансового инструмента (см. Простые программы на MQL4). В то же время разрешено одновременное использование программ одного вида в разных окнах одного финансового инструмента. Например, если есть необходимость запуститьна выполнение два эксперта по одному финансовому инструменту, то можно один из них запустить в одном окне, а другой – в другом. Однако при этом необходимо учитывать, что эксперты, запущенные на исполнение таким способом, могут формировать противоречивые торговые приказы. Например, один из экспертов может отдавать приказы на открытие, а другой – на закрытие ордеров, в результате чего может возникнуть длинная последовательность бесполезных торговых операций, результатом которой будет общий убыток. Ранее отмечалось, что рассматриваемая здесь торговая стратегия предполагает наличиетолько одного рыночного ордера.
Выбор программистом вида вновь создаваемой программы зависит от того, что именно будет делать программа, а также от свойств и ограничений, имеющихся у программразного вида. Для этого обычно достаточно вернуть значение параметра rates_total, которое содержит количество баров при текущем вызове функции. Параметры open, high, low и close содержит массивы с ценами открытия, максимальной, минимальной ценами и ценами закрытия текущего таймфрейма. Параметр time содержит массив со значениями времени открытия, параметр spread – массив, содержащий историю спредов (если спред предусмотрен для данного торгового инструмента).
Вкладка «Файлы» в окне «Навигатор» — это простой файловый браузер, который позволяет открывать и редактировать любые файлы MQL в папке \experts. На вкладке «Словарь» имеется встроенная ссылка на MQL, а на вкладке «Поиск» — функция поиска. Просто введите первые несколько символов функции MQL, оператора или другого элемента языка, и появится раскрывающийся список. Нажмите Enter, чтобы принять выделенное предложение и автоматически завершить ввод части кода. Вы можете свернуть, развернуть и перейти между несколькими открытыми окнами. Окно навигатора предлагает полезные функции просмотра файлов и справочные функции.
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